GRE閱讀測試哪些能力

簡單來說當然就是閱讀能力。

ETS在官方指南上對閱讀能力做了細分，但沒有給例子。我們(men) 簡單地補充一下具體(ti) 考察方式，以及針對這些能力要求，說一下如何更好備考GRE閱讀。

第一種能力：認識單詞。

GRE裏的單詞除了常見托福詞匯，還有一些是更學術一點，門檻更高的詞匯。所以需要專(zhuan) 門記憶。而且很難說背多少遍才算完，隻要還考，就要再背。具體(ti) 到閱讀單詞，如果已經背過托福詞匯，再加上一直在背的填空單詞，基本可以解決(jue) 閱讀生詞的問題。如果做題過程中還有不認識的，可以專(zhuan) 門記下來積累。尤其是那種熟詞辟義(yi) 特別值得積累。考查形式上，其實可以說每個(ge) 題型都是以單詞為(wei) 基礎，最正經考單詞的閱讀題型就是詞匯題。

例題：In early-twentieth-century England, it was fashionable to claim that only a completely new style of writing could address a world undergoing unprecedented transformation— just as one literary critic recently claimed that only the new “aesthetic of exploratory excess” can address a world undergoing well, you know…

In the context of the passage as whole, “address” (lines 3 and 6) is closest in meaning to

1. reveal
2. belie
3. speak to
4. direct attention toward‍
5. attempt to remediate‍

第二種能力：要能讀懂單個(ge) 句子。

認識所有單詞可能讀出來的句子意思是不合理的，或者感覺合理但實際上不是作者想表達的意思。雖然有的作者寫(xie) 得比較活潑，省略、倒裝樣樣都來，但大部分句子還是符合基本的語法結構。備考的時候，不掌握語法概念，但起碼熟悉常見句子結構，弄清楚主幹和修飾。如果句子結構上的分析不足已確定意思，還可以考慮語義(yi) 和語境的合理性。

比如下麵這段話的最後一句。…But much of this investment went to specialized plants, many of them unsuitable for postwar production. Large-scale, wartime government funding led to a massive increase in the number and scale of munitions facilities. By the war’s end, 216 munitions establishment costing more than $3.5 billion had been built, many of them located in the south. Indeed, according to one estimate, more than 70 percent of federally financed manufacturing construction capital in Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Tennessee went into munitions plants.有的同學會(hui) 誤以為(wei) 最後一句話是說聯邦給了一大筆錢給這幾個(ge) 州，這麽(me) 理解的話語法和語境上都不對。語法上70%後麵的基數是“federally financed manufacturing construction capital in Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Tennessee”是聯邦分配給這幾個(ge) 州的資本的70%被這些州進一步分配給了軍(jun) 需廠，至於(yu) 這些州本身拿了聯邦多少錢，占比多少是不清楚的。從(cong) 語境上這麽(me) 理解的話，跟前麵強調的觀點就沒什麽(me) 關(guan) 係。作者前麵想說很多錢去了軍(jun) 需廠，沒有辦法用“很多錢去了某些州”來證明/展開。

這部分能力的提升除了專(zhuan) 門分析長難句以外，還可以通過多讀來解決(jue) ，尤其是可以多讀以前做過的文章，多讀外刊雜誌。

第三種能力：總結文章或者段落大意。 

這部分可能會(hui) 考到主旨題。總結的時候可以重視段落前一兩(liang) 句話，或者存在著轉折詞（but…）以及表達結果（therefore…）之類的詞。例題： Analyzing levels of proportional representation of American Indians in state and local government jobs is important for several reasons. First, the basic idea underlying the theory of representative bureaucracy is that the demographic composition of bureaucracy should mirror the demographic composition of the general public…Second… Third…

The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. Summarize a demographic trend over time

B. Present findings on a demographic group

C. Analyze the demographic composition of a type of job

D. Explain the need for particular social research

E. Argue for the implementation of a social policy

第四種能力與(yu) 前一種相關(guan) 。

在做主旨題的時候可能出現一些選項在原文中出現過，但隻小觀點，可以被另一個(ge) 更有概括性的選項所涵蓋，這時候就不能選。備考的時候可以多分析下文章的行文邏輯，找到多個(ge) 觀點以後，嚐試從(cong) 邏輯詞（比如上文的第一第二）以及從(cong) 觀點實質含義(yi) 上去區分大小觀點以及它們(men) 之間的支撐關(guan) 係。比如上一題的B選項，原文確實有一兩(liang) 句話呈現了相關(guan) 發現，但更重要的是在講為(wei) 什麽(me) 要去研究，去得出相關(guan) 發現，重點不是發現本身。

第五種能力：從(cong) 原文信息得出結論。

這種題既然是從(cong) 原文給的信息來，答案跟原文越接近越好，最好就是同義(yi) 替換。如果確實所有的答案都需要加一些預設，就看哪個(ge) 答案加的預設是最樸實無華能讓人接受的。

例題：Years ago, consumers in Frieland began paying an energy tax in the form of two Frieland pennies for each unit of energy consumed that came from nonrenewable sources. Following the introduction of this energy tax, there was a steady reduction in the total yearly consumption of energy from nonrenewable sources.

If the statements in the passage are true, then which of the following must on the basis of them be true?

1. There was a steady decline in the yearly revenues generated by the energy tax in Frieland.
2. There was a steady decline in the total amount of energy consumed each year in Frieland.
3. There was a steady increase in the use of renewable energy sources in Frieland.
4. The revenues generated by the energy tax were used to promote the use of energy from renewable sources.
5. The use of renewable energy sources in Frieland greatly increased relative to the use of nonrenewable energy sources.

第六種能力：懂得行文邏輯，句子作用。

這種一般就考目的題。備考的時候還是要注意邏輯詞對句子作用的暗示，如果沒有邏輯詞就要考慮實際句子意思和上下文句子之間的關(guan) 係（解釋、反駁或者平行等）。做這種題的時候要注意優(you) 先選信息對應的原文中出現過的觀點，而不要自己去推論。例題：In 1776, the state of New Jersey adopted a constitution that ignored gender in its suffrage clause, defining voters simply as adult residents worth at least fifty pounds. After 1776…However, they also saw the net worth qualification as serving to prevent an overdemocratization of the voting process.

Which of the following best describes the function of the last sentence of the passage?

1. To suggest that New Jersey legislators in 1776 were insincere in their commitment to voting nights for women
2. To indicate that there was a lack of consensus among New Jersey legislators regarding the final version of the 1776 suffrage clause.
3. To indicate that the New Jersey legislators in 1776 did not favor unqualified access to voting rights.
4. To undermine the evidence suggesting that New Jersey legislators in 1776 believed that all who possessed sufficient net worth were entitled to vote
5. To suggest that the absence of gender references in the final version of the 1776 suffrage clause may have been accidenta‍


第七種能力：識別作者論證中的預設。

在論證過程中作者一般出於(yu) 行文簡潔性和對讀者能力尊重的考慮會(hui) 隱含一些作者認為(wei) 眾(zhong) 所周知的前提，這就是作者的預設。這些預設恰恰是我們(men) 削弱或者反駁作者論證的關(guan) 鍵，也有一些題會(hui) 直接問作者預設了什麽(me) 。備考的時候要注意對作者給出的事實和想論證的觀點之間做細致的概念區分，一些概念上的差異很可能就是找到預設的關(guan) 鍵。例題：A certain masonry technique in which frameworks built of stone blocks were filled with rubble was thought to have been in use in the ancient city of Triveza only until 200 B.C. Recently, however, the rubble in some walls built using this technique has been found to contain shards of a type of pottery that was manufactured only after 50 B.C. Clearly, this technique was still used to build walls in Triveza after 50 B.C.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

1. Most of the surviving walls that were built in Triveza using the technique contain shards of pottery that was manufactured earlier than 200 B.C.
2. The exact composition of the filler material did not affect the likelihood that walls built using the technique would survive to the present day.
3. Walls built with the technique were not sometimes repaired using new rubble.
4. Prior to 200 B.C., the technique using rubble as filler was the only masonry technique used to build walls in Triveza.
5. No masonry technique employed in ancient Triveza other than the technique at issue made use of rubble as a building material.‍

第八種能力：找他因。

這種能力跟前一種相關(guan) 。很多時候作者論證預設的就是某個(ge) 現象有且僅(jin) 有自己熟悉的那個(ge) 原因，ETS希望我們(men) 嚴(yan) 謹一點，考慮下會(hui) 不會(hui) 可能有其他原因的存在。比如有時候你比較慘，可能是因為(wei) 時代進程的問題，也可能是因為(wei) 個(ge) 人奮鬥的問題。

例題：In Stanton the average number of people injured per automobiles accident is consistently higher for accidents involving a taxicab than for those not involving a taxicab. Although all Stanton taxicabs are equipped with passenger seat belts, taxicab drivers reporter that passengers tend not to use them. It is likely, therefore, that if taxicab passengers were required to use seat belts, the number of people injured per accident would soon be no higher for taxicabs than for other automobiless.

Which of the following, if true about Stanton, most seriously weakens the argument?

1. The number of automobiles accidents has been declining in recent years.
2. Since taxicabs are driven more miles annually than most other vehicles, they are more likely to be in an accident during any given year than is the average vehicle.
3. There are more taxicabs in operation, relative to the overall number of motor vehicles, than there are in most cities of Stanton’s size.
4. The number of people, including the driver, who occupy a vehicle is generally greater for taxicabs than for other vehicles.
5. Not all passengers in automobiless other than taxicabs use seat belts.