SAT Writing and Language Test,這個(ge) 部分著重考核學生的語法和文法知識,考察會(hui) 在短文中進行。因此,考試更加注重語境,段與(yu) 段之間的邏輯,從(cong) 而需要學生掌握句子的結構和邏輯結構的發展。
今天,我們(men) 來總結一下SAT語法必考點,幫助同學們(men) 快速解題!
01、平行結構
標誌詞:
and / not only A but also B
both A and B / either A or B / neither A nor B
not A but B / rather than / prefer A to B
as well as the more A, the more B
平行結構解題三個(ge) 步驟:
1. 識別平行標誌詞(注意平行標誌詞誤用);
2. 形式功能一致(基本含義(yi) :詞對詞(且詞性相同);詞組對詞組;句對句;注意如果是介詞,隻需是介詞,而不需要同一個(ge) 介詞);
3. 如果形式對等,是否缺少平行連接詞。
Tips: 1. 平行結構的指代: her - hers ; my - mine ; his - his2. 防止指代不明確
02、時態變化
_ |
一般時 |
進行時 |
完成時 |
完成進行時 |
現在 |
do |
be+doing | have done | have been +doing |
過去 | did | be+doing | had done | had been +doing |
將來 | will + do | will be doing | will have +done | will have been doing |
過去將來 | would+do | would be doing | would have done | would have been doing |
總則:謂語動詞被劃線對應兩(liang) 個(ge) 知識點:a. 主謂一致;b. 時態
時態對應:
since/for,主句(has/have done);
by now,主句(has/have done)或(does/do) ;
by the time+do,主句(will have done);
by the time+did,主句(had done);
by+將來時間點,主句(will do)或(will have done);
by+ 過去時間點,主句(was/were doing)或(did);
after+過去時,主句+did;after+do,主句+will do 或者do;
before +did,主句+had done或者did;before+ do,主句+will do;
解題技巧:
1. 尋找句子中有時間標誌詞;
2. 觀察句子中其他謂語動詞時態。
特有的時間標誌詞:
after / before; by; until; when / while / as; since / for; 以及具體(ti) 時間點(如 next summer; in 1980)
03、虛擬語氣
與事實相反 |
條件從句的
謂語形式 |
主語的謂語形式 |
表示現在情況 |
過去式(did)
(be 常用were) |
would / could / might / should +do |
表示過去情況 | 過去完成式
(had + done) |
would / could / might / should + have done |
表示將來情況 | 過去式(did)
should + do were to do |
would / could / might / should +do |
Tips:
1. 在虛擬條件從(cong) 句中,動詞“be”的過去時態一律用”were”,不用was。
2. 在虛擬條件狀語中如果有were, should, had這三個(ge) 詞中任何一個(ge) ,可省略if,把這三個(ge) 詞提到主語之前, 變成:were/should/had +主語+剩餘(yu) 成分。
3. 在虛擬條件狀語從(cong) 句中,省略連詞的倒裝形式的句首不能用動詞的縮略形式。如我們(men) 可說Were I not to do., 而不能說Weren‘t I to do。
4. 在表示與(yu) 將來事實相反的條件句中,隻能用should,而不能用would,could和might 等。
5. 主句中的should通常用於(yu) 第一人稱,would,could以及might可以用於(yu) 各種人稱。
04、主謂一致
主謂一致原則:
1. 舍近求遠:
標誌詞:of
標誌結構:A of + B verb (verb 與(yu) A保持一致)
常考量詞:
1)謂語動詞用單數:amount of; mass of; the number of
2) 謂語動詞用複數:amounts of; masses of; a number of
2. 就近原則:
標誌詞:or; either...or ; neither...nor
標誌結構:A or B + verb ; either A + or B verb;
Neither A nor B + verb(verb與(yu) B保持一致);
3. 複數原則:
標誌詞:and; both...and
標誌結構:A and B; Both A and B (verb為(wei) 複數)
4. 單數原則:
標誌詞:one of; either of; every
標誌結構:( one of; either of; every ) + n. + verb
5. 修飾語忽略:
標誌詞:插入語,非謂語,從(cong) 句,介詞短語,形容詞短語
技巧:修飾語忽略不看,謂語動詞與(yu) s保持一致
05、代詞
代詞: 代詞共五個(ge) 考點:主賓格;單複數;指代錯誤;指代缺失;指代不一致。
1. 主賓格:I /me, he/him, she/her, they/them, we/us;
2. 單複數:it/they,its/theirs,that/those,this/these;
3. 指代不一致:one/one’s, you/your,we/our; 指代缺失:they,it(警惕it做形式主語/賓語);指代錯誤:兩(liang) 女名,一個(ge) she或者her;(偶爾)兩(liang) 個(ge) 男名,一個(ge) he或者his
4. 指代缺失:it/its, they/their
5. 指代錯誤:
SVO, conj. Pron vo; Conj SVO, Pron vo; Conj pron vo, SVO
如上句子中,當S≠pron,代詞錯誤。
改正方法:一是代詞句意還原二SVO,(adv)doing。
代詞最高頻出現的考點:
1)one 隻能指代第三人稱單數, he or she;
2) it, this, that 不能指代句子;
3)which, that 不能指代句子;
4)反身代詞不能單獨作6主語。
06、比較
比較:
標誌詞:as...as; not as.../ so...as; more than; like / unlike;similar to
compared with / in comparison with; differ... from
比較解題的三個(ge) 步驟:
1)識別比較標誌詞(注意標誌詞誤用);
2)比較對象一致(往往是句子的主語);
3)比較倒裝(由does/do; be動詞;could/would;等情態動詞構成);
4)比較省略(主要發生在as...as的第二個(ge) as後)。
07、標點符號
常見的標點符號有:逗號,分號,冒號,破折號
1. 逗號 ,
1) 逗號的作用 2)逗號的常見錯誤:
分割平行成分; sv , v
引導插入語; sv , o
引導直接引語; s , vo
引導並列結構(sv, 並列連詞sv) s , sv
分割狀語(狀語從(cong) 句)和主句 sv , and v
分割年月日
2. 分號 ;
分號“;”在SAT語法中出現和逗號“,”一模一樣,都出現都不選。
sv ; sv
sv ; adv, sv
3. 冒號 :
出現冒號的選項,先看左邊,冒號左邊必須得有完整的句子,主從(cong) 句都要完整,出現介詞肯定錯。
1)解釋說明
2)接引語
冒號後可以加很多內(nei) 容:
n. / doing / to do / that .../ SV
4. 破折號 —
注意:破折號的優(you) 先級比冒號要高
1)表示示例
2)概括前麵列舉(ju) 的若幹東(dong) 西
3)用在一個(ge) 引用的句子前麵
4)用在一個(ge) 解釋性的插入語前麵和後麵,相當於(yu) 一個(ge) 括號
5)用在一個(ge) 解釋性的分句或句子前麵
6)用來補充說明
08、不完整句
主要句子錯誤:
1)s,.......doing/done
2)s,....從(cong) 句
3)s .....and vo
4)s1 doing/done.., s2vo (s1=s2 ×; s1≠s2 √)
5) s, ......,svo
6)從(cong) 句(如although,since, while從(cong) 句),連詞(如but,and)svo
7) By doing sth. vo
解題步驟:簡化句子的三種方法:
1.通過標點符號(如逗號)
2.從(cong) 句標誌詞(that,which,when,where,who,as等),警惕沒有從(cong) 句標誌詞的從(cong) 句(如果句子有獨立的主語謂語而又沒有被劃線,即可忽略不看)
3.謂語動詞(一個(ge) 獨立的謂語動詞即是獨立句子的標誌)
不完整句判斷:
1. 判斷主句是否缺少成分(往往缺少謂語)或者從(cong) 句是否缺少成分
2 . 選項識別時隻關(guan) 注缺少句子成分部分
可以做主語的句子成分:
名詞,代詞,動名詞,名詞性從(cong) 句,以及to do is to do 這種特殊句型.
過去分詞和動詞過去式的區分:觀察是否有by (有by 往往為(wei) 過去分詞;看詞性為(wei) 及物動詞看意思;看選項對比(優(you) 選be done);看詞性為(wei) 及物動詞,還是不及物動詞(如果是及物動詞後麵必須有賓語,如果沒有賓語則該詞必然是動詞過去分詞.
09、流水句
主要句子錯誤:
1)Sv,sv
2)Sv,adv,sv
3)Sv;(或者句號)連詞sv(或v)
4)Sv,v
解題步驟:
1.找標點符號(主要是逗號和分號)
2.判斷逗號或分號前後句是否是完整句
10、從(cong) 句
從(cong) 句的分類:
名詞性從(cong) 句:主語從(cong) 句,賓語從(cong) 句,表語從(cong) 句,同位語從(cong) 句。
定語從(cong) 句:由關(guan) 係詞引導的從(cong) 句,通常用於(yu) 充當句子的定語成分。
狀語從(cong) 句:時間狀語,條件狀語,讓步狀語,比較狀語。
定語從(cong) 句關(guan) 係詞
- 先行詞,為人時,關係代詞必須為who(做主語)/whom(做賓語);
- 為物時,關係代詞為that/which;
- 先行詞為時間時關係副詞為when;
- 先行詞為地點時關係副詞為where;
- whose(表達所屬,且不論物或者人)
定語從(cong) 句先行詞一般為(wei) 就近單詞
-
- 警惕svo 介詞短語(做定語)+定語從句:
- 表語從句(be動詞後的從句):不能由if引導,且目前已有的正確選項中because引導的表語從句從沒被選。
- 關係代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數要和先行詞保持一致。
11、簡潔性
七個(ge) 基本原則
1. 詞語重複
2. 主動態優(you) 先於(yu) 被動態 (不是所有被動都錯誤,不必要被動語態運用才是錯誤)
3. 代詞不優(you) 選
4.being不優(you) 選
5. 動詞>名詞(如believe>belief;determine>determination)
6. 不必要從(cong) 句
7. 優(you) 選句型 svo by doing ;S, ......, vo;svo, (adv) doing/done; svo doing或者s doing vo svo and vo或者svo and svo;句子短小凝煉
12、加刪句子類題目
加刪句子類題目 一定要分清楚 Sentence 和 Information 如果是 Sentence
1. 在段首,如果是觀點句則保留,如果不是觀點句則不加;
(觀點句一般都帶有 but / although / while / ; / —— / :)
2. 在段尾,則一般不加
(一旦判定不加,不加點理由為(wei) 不相關(guan) )
3. 在段中,看情況,除了不相關(guan) 之外,還有可能的原文重複,針對句中特別像觀點句的句子。
4. 如果選項中有 contradict, undermine, diminish, inconsistent with則不選!
如果是 Information 一定要加,原因看上下文。
13、慣用語總結
介詞慣用語(prepositional idioms)
About
anixous about
ask about
bring about
curious about
hear about
think about
talk about
worry about
Against
advise against
argue against
count against
decide against
defend against
go against
rebel against
As
celebrate as
regard as
see as
view as
At
aim at
arrive at
laugh at
look at
succeed at
By
accompanied by
amazed by
confused by
followed by
go by
impressed by
organized by
struck by
For
advocate for
ask for
blame for
famous for
known for
last for
meant for
named for
necessary for
pay for
ready for
responsible for
tolerance for
strive for
wait for
watch for
From
abstain from
different from
excuse from
far from
obvious from
protect from
Into
enter into
look into
inquire into
read into
In
engage in
fall in love
in A as in B
interested in
succeed in
take in
On
base on
draw on
focus on
impose on
insist on
move on
prey on
rely on
Over
argue over
rule over
talk over
think over
Of
approve of
capable of
certain of
characteristic of
combination of A and B
cure of
deprive of
die of
a fan of
in danger of
in the hope of
in recognition of
made up of
a model of
an offer of
on the border of
remind of
a selection of
a source of
suspicious of
take advantage of
an understanding of
a wealth of
To
able to
accustomed to
adapt to
adhere to
admit to
adjacent to
agree to
as opposed to
belong to
central to
come to
contribute to
devoted to
in addition to
in contrast to
listen to
object to
prefer A to B
partial to
reluctant to
reply to
see to
similar to
a threat to
try to (NOT try and)
unique to
With
agree with
bargain with
correlate with
familiar with
identify with
in keeping with
interfere with
sympathize with
trust with
後接動名詞的動詞
accuse of
admire for
allow
appreciate
capable of
complete
concentrate on
confess to
consider
delay
describe
discourage from
discuss
dislike
effective at
enjoy
escape
finish
forbid
imagine
insist on
permit
plan on
postpone
refrain from
report
resent
resume
stop
tolerate
後接不定式的動詞
agree
attempt
choose
condescend
dare
decide
deserve
encourage
expect
fail
intend
love
mean
neglect
offer
plan
prepare
promise
refuse
scramble
seem
strive
swear
tend
threaten
want
以上便是我們(men) 為(wei) 大家整理的SAT語法考點,希望能對同學們(men) 有所幫助!
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